Swarm Intelligence
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Swarm intelligence (SI) is the study of collective behavior in decentralized, self-organized systems, from the perspective of artificial intelligence. The term "swarm intelligence" was first used by Beni and Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems1 (see also cellular automata and evolutionary computation). Cuckoo search
Cuckoo search (CS) is an algorithm inspired by the brood parasitism of cuckoo birds, in which the cuckoo lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. The cuckoo search algorithm8 is enhanced by Levy flights, which are obtained from the Levy distribution9. Recent studies have shown that CS outperforms other algorithms such as particle swarm optimization. For example, in a comparison between CS and PSO, DE, and ABC, the results of CS and DE were found to be more robust than those of PSO and ABC10. Simulation of crowds
Swarm intelligence technology is used in art to create complex interactive systems and simulations of crowds.
The world's first animated film using swarm intelligence technology was Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice, which used Boyd systems to realistically depict schools of fish and flocks of birds. Swarm intelligence technology was also used to animate the movements of bat swarms in Batman Returns and the battle scenes in The Lord of the Rings trilogy. Swarm intelligence technology is attractive because it is inexpensive, robust, and simple.
Airlines have used swarm intelligence theory to simulate passenger boarding. Southwest Airlines researcher Douglas A. Lawson used a computer simulation with only six rules to evaluate the time required for boarding with various boarding methods29.